Obesity has become one of the most pressing public health issues worldwide—and India is catching up fast. What’s even more concerning is the increasing rate of obesity among children and teenagers.A recent survey conducted at Milann revealed that out of 1,000 school-aged children (11–18 years), 15% were classified as obese and 20% as overweight. Most of these cases were seen in urban, high-income families, where reduced physical activity, academic stress, frequent snacking, and excessive junk food consumption were major contributors.

Let’s take a closer look at how excess weight can impact fertility in both women and men, and how some simple steps can help prevent long-term reproductive challenges.

What Is Obesity?

Obesity is more than just being overweight—it refers to an unhealthy accumulation of fat in the body that can interfere with normal functions, including reproductive health. It is commonly measured using Body Mass Index (BMI), calculated by dividing weight (kg) by height (m²):

• 18.5 – 24.9: Healthy
• 25 – 29.9: Overweight
• 30 and above: Obese

Obesity can pave the way for several health issues such as high blood pressure, diabetes, and heart disease—but its impact on fertility is often overlooked.

Impact on Female Fertility

Excess fat can alter hormone levels, leading to a hormonal imbalance. This disruption can affect the menstrual cycle and ovulation. Common reproductive issues observed in women with obesity include:

• Irregular or missed periods
• Difficulty releasing eggs (anovulation)
• Reduced chances of conception
• Greater risk of miscarriage

In young girls and women, Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) is often linked to obesity. It’s a hormonal disorder that causes symptoms like irregular periods, acne, oily skin, and unwanted hair growth (hirsutism).According to the Milann survey, 3–5% of overweight adolescent girls exhibited signs of hirsutism, which can take a toll on self-esteem, especially during teenage years.

Underlying all of this is a cycle of weight gain, increased insulin levels, and disrupted hormone production, which feeds back into more weight gain and worsened symptoms—a cycle that needs early intervention to stop.

How Obesity Affects Men’s Reproductive Health

In men, excess fat tissue can influence hormone production too. Obesity can reduce testosterone levels and increase estrogen, leading to:

• Poor sperm quality and reduced sperm count
• Sexual dysfunction (including erectile issues)
• Lower libido and fertility potential

Conditions such as oligospermia (low sperm count) or decreased sperm motility are more frequently reported in obese men.

Beyond Fertility: Health Risks to Consider

Being overweight can also contribute to other medical concerns:

• Type 2 diabetes
• Cardiovascular disease
• Liver dysfunction
• Sleep-related breathing disorders
• Pregnancy complications like gestational diabetes and preeclampsia in women

This makes weight management not only essential for conception but also for long-term health and well-being.

Can Lifestyle Changes Make a Difference?

Absolutely. Research shows that losing just 5% to 10% of body weight can lead to significant improvements in reproductive health. In women, this can restore ovulation and regular periods. In men, it can improve hormone levels and sperm quality.

Recommended lifestyle changes include:

• Eating a balanced, high-fiber diet rich in whole grains, fruits, and vegetables
• Limiting processed and high-sugar foods
• Regular physical activity—aim for at least 30 minutes most days
• Staying well-hydrated (at least 10–12 glasses of water daily)
• Managing stress and maintaining good sleep hygiene

When Medical Help Is Needed

If lifestyle changes aren’t enough, medical treatments may be required. These may include:

• Weight-loss medications (under medical supervision)
• Ovulation induction drugs like clomiphene citrate
• Hormonal treatments or insulin-sensitizing agents for PCOS
• Bariatric surgery for patients with severe obesity (BMI >35)

For cosmetic concerns like unwanted hair or acne, dermatological or hormonal therapy may also be suggested.

Obesity is not merely a matter of appearance—it’s a health condition that can deeply affect one’s ability to conceive. When it begins early in life, the risk of long-term reproductive and metabolic disorders increases. By focusing on early education, healthier habits, and appropriate medical guidance, individuals can take control of their reproductive health and improve their chances of starting a family.